CPC Definition - Subclass D04H
This place covers:
- Felts, cotton wool and wadding;
- Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres;
- Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length;
- Non-woven fabrics formed of mixtures of relatively-short fibres and yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length;
- Non-woven pile fabrics;
- Other non-woven fabrics;
- Methods or apparatus for making these products;
- Felting apparatus;
- Needling machine.
Some of the non-woven fabrics can also be regarded as "layered products" within the meaning of subclass B32B, and further classification in that subclass should be considered in accordance with the notes thereto.
In cases where the making of non-woven fabrics involves the use of particular chemical compounds or compositions, e.g. for treating or bonding fibres, filaments, or yarns, further classification in other appropriate subclasses should also be considered.
By varying the proportions of fibers or threads, and the chemical compounds or compositions, the non-woven may be given the appearance of paper, cardboard, leather or the like.
The following operations also make reference to non-wovens: sewing (D05B), tufting (D05C) and finishing non-woven fabrics (D06).
Non-wovens can be found in a wide variety of applications:
- in personal care : absorbent articles, cosmetic cleaning pads.
- in clothing and footwear : shoes, industrial headwear and footwear, protective garments.
- in household: wipes, vacuum cleaner bag.
- in home furnishing : carpet underlay, wall coverings.
- in the medical field: face masks, surgical drapes, sterilization aids.
- in specific industrial applications : filtration, abrasives, insulating tapes, electronics, satellite dishes.
- in buildings: insulation, roofing, covers for acoustic ceilings.
- in civil engineering: road and rail building, drainage, geotextiles, soil stabilization, golf and sport surfaces.
- in vehicles: insulation materials, battery separators, break discs, filters.
- in the aviation industry: for protection or for having light structures with strength.
- in agriculture and horticulture: crop and plant protection, capillary mats, greenhouse shading.
This place does not cover:
Examples of places where the subject matter of this place is covered when specially adapted, used for a particular purpose, or incorporated in a larger system:
Non-woven fabrics for use in absorbent articles, e.g. topsheet, backsheet | |
Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Wearing apparel | |
Manufacturing of hats | |
Laying carpeting or carpet tiles; Carpet underlay | |
Shaped articles from mixed fibres | |
Making or treating glass wool or mineral wool | |
Compounding ingredients used as filler for mortars and like | |
Sintering plastic particles | |
Fibre reinforced materials | |
Formation of filaments, threads, or the like | |
Carding | |
Lap-forming devices | |
Curling or crimpling of fibres, filaments, or yarns | |
Cellulose production or pulping | |
Paper web-making by wet methods | |
Paper or pulp | |
Pulp compositions and coating or treatment of paper | |
Making shaped products from liquid suspensions of cellulose | |
Roof coverings or underlay |
Looping references between D04H and D05C have been identified. Until this inconsistency is resolved in IPC, the current classification practice in CPC is as follows: non-woven fabric products having pile or tufts formed by the methods of D05C 1/00 - D05C 15/00 and resultant products of D05C 17/00 would be classified in D05C.
In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:
Carded thermal bonded and resin bonded staples | fabrics formed by processing textile staple fibers over a card and bonding by resin or thermal means. |
Air laid | fabrics formed by air laying and bonding pulp or staple fibers. |
Wet laid | fabrics that contain long (longer than pulp) fibers and are made by papermaking techniques. |
Needle punched staples | fabrics formed by processing staple fibers over a card or other web forming device and entangling them by penetrating the fabric with multiple barbed needles. |
Spun laced or hydro entangled | fabrics formed by carding, air laying or other web forming techniques and consolidated by hydraulic needling. |
Spun bonded | fabrics formed by in-line melt extrusion spinning of filaments of conventional textile denier. |
Melt blown | fabrics formed by in-line melt extrusion spinning of very fine fiber diameter, less than one denier. |
Non-woven fabrics | fabrics formed wholly or partly of textile material by processes comprising operations other than the weaving, knitting, braiding, lacing, or knotting of yarns, threads, or filaments for which provision is made in other subclasses of Section D. This expression includes felts, cotton-wool, and wadding. |
Composite fibres | Conjugated fibres that are manufactured by composite spinning of two or more kinds of immiscible resins, of which the resins form such phase structures as side-by-side, sheath-core, sea-island, wood grain pattern, multi-layered, radial or mosaic in the cross section surface vertical to the fibre axis. |
Mixed fibres | Mixture of two or more kinds of fibres made of different substances. |
Fleece | Non-woven |
Pile | Upright loop or nap raised from the surface of fabrics. |
Welding | bonding of fibres or filaments using heat and/or pressure or solvent bonding, i.e. autogenously bonding |
In patent documents, the following abbreviations are often used:
SMS | spunbond-meltblown-spunbond |
In patent documents the following words "spun lace", "hydro entangling" "hydro needling" "hydro enhancement" hydro bonding" and "water needling" are often used as synonyms.
In patent documents, the following words/expressions are often used with the meaning indicated:
filament | fibre |
This place covers:
Non-woven fabrics formed from fibres or filaments which have been specifically cut to a length less than continuous.
This place covers:
Non-woven fabrics of short fibers are composed of cotton-wool or wadding (could be useful to look at carding D01G) and are used to make cosmetic pads, absorbent pads, quilting materials etc.
In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:
Wadding | A heap of voluminous and low-density fibre for use as fillers in furniture or quilting. |
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, are composed of fibers having existing or potential cohesive properties and are consolidated by mechanical means such as natural fibers like wool or fibrillated artificial fibers. The fibers are crimped or crinkly and will entangle easily with each other (could be useful to look at felting apparatus D04H 17/00).
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Producing crimped or curled fibres, filaments, yarns, or threads, giving them latent characteristics |
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, composed of fibers of regenerated cellulose.
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Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, composed of fibers from the acrylonitrile series.
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Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, hardened by a felting technique including also felts and products made from felts.
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Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, hardened by a felting technique including also felts and products made from felts and the fibers are made of silk.
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, composed of felts made from a mixture of different types of fibres.
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Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, composed of felts made from a mixture of different types of fibres and incorporate artificial organic fibres.
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, composed of felts made from a mixture of different types of fibers and incorporate inorganic fibers.
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Non-woven fabrics of short fibers having existing or potential mechanical cohesive properties are fleeces and webs, or layers of these, made of wood pulp.
This place covers:
Non-woven fabrics of short fibers having existing or potential mechanical cohesive properties are fleeces and webs or layers of these, made of regenerated cellulose series.
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Non-woven fabrics of short fibers having existing or potential mechanical cohesive properties are fleeces and webs, or layers of these, made of fibers of collagen.
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Non-woven fabrics of short fibers having existing or potential mechanical cohesive properties are fleeces and webs, or layers of these, made of synthetic pulp.
In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:
Synthetic pulp | typically comprised of a thermoplastic polymer such as polyolefins or some polyamides and having a structure resembling wood pulp. That is, the synthetic pulp has a microfibrillar structure comprised of microfibrils exhibiting a high surface area as contrasted with the smooth, rod-like morphology of synthetic short staple fibers |
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, composed of fibers without existing or potential mechanical cohesive properties.
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, composed of fibers without existing or potential mechanical cohesive properties containing absorbing substances, e.g. activated carbon.
In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:
Absorbing substances | water-absorbing agents such as water-absorbing polymer, deodorant or humidity absorbing agents such as activated carbon |
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, composed of fibers without existing or potential mechanical cohesive properties containing granules other than absorbent substances.
In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:
Granules | for example, those having antibiotic properties or granular substances with flame retardant properties. |
This place covers:
Fleeces, webs or layers of fleeces or webs composed of fibres without existing or potential mechanical cohesive properties characterised by the fibres having particular fibre features, e.g. chemical composition, fineness or shape, regardless of the method of manufacturing the fleeces, webs or layers.
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, are inorganic fibers.
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Fleeces and webs or layers of these are inorganic glass fibers.
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Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, are inorganic glass fibers and are characterized by the apparatus for manufacturing the glass fleece.
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Fleeces and webs or layers of these are inorganic metal fibres.
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Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, are inorganic carbon fibres.
In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:
Carbon fibres | a kind of inorganic fibre. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) -based, pitch-based or rayon-based Carbon fibers are included. |
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, are fibers belonging to the cellulose series egg. cotton, kapok, linen, jute, flax, ramie, sisal, hemp, kenaf, industrial hemp, rattan, vine fibers, fique, banana and agave.
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, are fibers belonging to the regenerated cellulose series egg. rayon, acetate, triacetate, bamboo fibers, rayon, lyocell, Tencel, Modal and Viscose.
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, are natural fibers not provided for in group D04H 1/425 e.g. wool, silk (and other protein fibers).
This place covers:
Non-woven fabrics which are composed of the fibres obtained and reused by cutting or fibreizing wastes or garnets, and which are also included in the scope of the upper group, namely, formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres and formed from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece. Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, made from rags; Fabric scraps.
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, made from fibers made from addition polymers. (e.g. PVC)
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, made from fibers made from addition polymers from the olefin series.
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, made from fibers made from addition polymers from the acrylonitrile series.
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, made from fibers made from addition polymers of polyvinyl alcohol.
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Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, made from fibers made from addition polymers from the fluorine series.
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Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, made from fibers made from condensation or reaction polymers.
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These condensation polymers being polyamides.
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Condensation polymers being aromatic polyamides.
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Reaction polymers being polyurethanes.
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Reaction polymers belonging to the phenol series.
This place covers:
Non-woven fabrics which are composed of mixture of different kind of webs, including multi-layered non-woven fabrics in which layers are made continuously and each layer is composed of different kind of fibres, and which are also included in the scope of the upper group, namely, formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres and formed from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece. Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, made using different kinds of webs, e.g. by layering webs.
This place covers:
- Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, made from stretched reticular film fibres, composite fibres, mixed fibres, or ultrafine fibres (including splittable fibres).
- Fleeces and webs or layers of these made from fibres for artificial leather regardless of the fibre length. The fibres for artificial leather can be short fibres or long fibres.
This place covers:
Non-woven fabrics characterised by the shape of the fibres used to form the non-woven fabric. These fibres generally have configurations that deviate from a smooth round fibre shape. For example, the fibres can have modified external cross-sections, e.g. noncircular cross-sections, modified internal cross-sections, e.g. circular or noncircular hollow fibre cores and noncircular internal fibre cores, or the fibres can have nonlinear configurations such as crimped fibres on which specific crimps are given.
Examples of fibres having modified external cross-sections:
Examples of fibres having modified internal cross-sections:
Examples of fibres having hollow internal cross-sections:
The non-woven fabrics are formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or the like or relatively short fibres and formed from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece. Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, are made from fibres which are characterized by their shape.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Characterised by the shape of yarns or filaments |
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, composed of fibers without existing or potential mechanical cohesive properties and are consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling.
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, mechanically consolidated by forming intermeshing loops or stitches from some of the fibers. Fibers are pulled out from the structure of the web and then pushed back into it to bind the web. No additional yarn material is added to the web. (Is not related to knitting D04B; or sewing D05B)
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, mechanically consolidated by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibers. The needling is done by stabbing or punching with barbed needles which pull out and push in the fibers of the web many consecutive times. (Needling machines D04H 18/00)
This place does not cover:
Forming intermeshing loops or stitches from some of the fibres |
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, mechanically consolidated by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibers in combination with at least one other preceding or subsequent method of consolidation.
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, mechanically consolidated by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibers in combination with shrinkage.
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, mechanically consolidated by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibers in combination with weld-bonding.
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, mechanically consolidated by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibers in combination with bonding agents.
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, mechanically consolidated by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibers in combination with entanglement by fluid jet, e.g. by hydro entangling/ hydro needling/ spun lace methods with water jets).
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, are mechanically consolidated only by fluid jet (usually this is with water e.g. by hydro entangling/ hydro needling/ spun lace methods or can be gas/air).
This place does not cover:
Entanglement by fluid jet in combination with another consolidation means |
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, mechanically consolidated only by fluid jet for the formation of patterns, e.g. drilling or rearrangement of the fibers.
This place covers:
Multi-layered non-woven fabrics which are entangled by needling or like operations, and which are also included in the scope of the upper group, namely, formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres and formed from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties. Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, mechanically consolidated by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibers. Specifically for the entanglement of layered webs.
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, composed of fibers without existing or potential mechanical cohesive properties and are consolidated by mechanical means by using a treatment to produce shrinking, swelling, crimping, or curling of fibers.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
curling or crimping of fibres, filaments, or yarns |
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, composed of fibers without existing or potential mechanical cohesive properties and are consolidated by mechanical means by applying or inserting filamentary binding elements, e.g. threads or yarns are used as an extra stitching element. (Knitting D04B; Sewing D05B)
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, are composed of fibers having existing or potential cohesive properties and are consolidated by welding together the fibers, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving (if in combination with needling then D04H 1/48).
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs, or layers of these are welded together and are composite fibers e.g. sheath-core, sea-island or side-by-side; Mixed fibers.
In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:
Mixed fibres | Mixed fibres refers to the case when different kinds of fibres exist and one of them melts or softens first |
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Fleeces and webs, or layers of these welded together and are adhesive fibers i.e thermoplastic.
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Where the adhesive fibers belong to the olefin series.
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Where the adhesive fibers are polyvinyl alcohol.
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Where the adhesive fibers are polyvinyl acetate.
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Where the adhesive fibers belong to the acrylonitrile series.
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Where the adhesive fibers are resins not provided for in groups D04H 1/544-D04H 1/55.
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Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, welded together by applying solvents or auxiliary agents which promote welding by dissolving the fibers.
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Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, welded together by radio-frequency heating.
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Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, welded together by ultrasonic heating.
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Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, welded together by infrared heating.
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Fleeces and webs, or layers of these, welded together in combination with mechanical or physical treatments other than embossing.
This place covers:
Multi-layered non-woven fabrics using bonding fibres in which layers are made continuously, and which are also included in the scope of the upper group, namely, formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres and formed from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties. Fleeces and webs welded together the fibers being within layered webs.
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs are welded together in association with fiber formation, e.g. immediately following extrusion of staple fibers.
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs are consolidated by applying, incorporating, or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents characterized by the bonding agents used.
This place covers:
Multi-layered non-woven fabrics using chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents in which layers are made continuously, and which are also included in the scope of the upper group, namely, formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres and formed from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties. Fleeces and webs are consolidated by applying, incorporating, or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents in layered webs.
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs consolidated by applying, incorporating, or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents the bonding agent being applied in a dry state, e.g. thermo-activatable agents in solid or molten state, and heat being applied subsequently.
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs are consolidated by applying, incorporating, or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents the bonding agent being applied in a dry state at spaced points or locations.
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Fleeces and webs are consolidated by applying, incorporating, or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents the bonding agent being applied in wet state, e.g. chemical agents in dispersions or solutions
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs are consolidated by applying, incorporating, or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents the bonding agent being applied in wet state i.e impregnation and is then followed by a solidification process.
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs are consolidated by applying, incorporating, or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents the bonding agent being applied in wet state i.e impregnation and is then followed by a solidification process and using mixed or composite fibres.
This place covers:
Fleeces and webs are consolidated by applying, incorporating, or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents the bonding agent being applied in a wet state characterised by the apparatus for applying bonding agents.
This place covers:
Where the fleeces and webs are consolidated by applying, incorporating, or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents the bonding agent being applied in a wet state in the form of foam.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of yarns or filaments |
This place covers:
Method for forming non-woven fleeces or webs, or layers of these, causing the fibres to be randomly arranged i.e. isotropic fleeces.
This place covers:
Method for forming non-woven fleeces or webs, or layers of these, where
the fibres are randomly arranged during fibre formation, e.g. flash-spinning.
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Method for forming non-woven fleeces or webs, or layers of these, where the fibers are randomly arranged by fluid current, e.g. air-lay
This place covers:
Method for forming non-woven fleeces or webs, or layers of these, where the fibers are randomly arranged and characterized by the apparatus for randomly arranging the fibres.
This place does not cover:
By electro-spinning | |
By fluid current |
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Method for forming non-woven fleeces or webs, or layers of these, where the fibers are orientated, e.g. in parallel as in anisotropic fleeces.
This place covers:
Method for forming non-woven fleeces or webs, or layers of these, where the fibers are orientated otherwise than in a plane, e.g. in a tubular way
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of yarns or filaments, otherwise than in a plane |
This place covers:
Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length. The term continuous filament is used.
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Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length i.e continuous filament.
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Where the web of continuous inorganic filament is made of glass.
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Where the web of continuous filament is synthetic.
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Regenerated cellulose series |
This place covers:
Where the web of continuous filament is synthetic made from addition polymers e.g. olefin series, acrylonitrile series, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), fluorine series, PVC.
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Where the web of continuous filament is synthetic formed from condensation or reaction polymers e.g. PLA, Ppolyacetals, polyamides.
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Where the web of continuous filament is formed from a condensation polymer specifically from polyesters.
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Where the web of continuous filament is made from the regenerated cellulose series e.g. rayon, acetate, triacetate, bamboo fibres, rayon, lyocell, Tencel, Modal and Viscose.
It is sufficient for classification within this group that there is some regenerated cellulose filamants or yarn in the fleece web or layer.
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Where the web of continuous filament is made natural yarns or filaments e.g. silk.
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Where the web of continuous filament is characterized by its fineness.
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Non-woven fabrics characterised by the shape of the yarns or like filamentary material used to form the non-woven fabric. For example, the filamentary material can have modified external cross-sections, e.g. noncircular cross-sections, modified internal cross-sections, e.g. circular or noncircular hollow fibre cores and noncircular internal fibre cores, or the yarns or like filamentary material can have nonlinear configurations such as crimped yarns or like filamentary material on which specific crimps are given.
Examples of filamentary materials having modified external cross-sections:
Examples of filamentary materials having modified internal cross-sections:
Examples of filamentary materials having hollow internal cross-sections:
The non-woven fabrics are formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length and where a web of continuous filaments is characterised by the shape of the filaments.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Characterised by the shape of fibres |
This place covers:
Where the non-woven fabric formed of continuous filament is characterized by the method of forming fleeces, webs or layers of these e.g. reorientation of yarns or filaments (lap-forming devices D01G 25/00; paper web-making by wet methods D21F, D21H).
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres |
This place covers:
Where the method forms webs or layers of webs of randomly laid continuous filaments.
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Non-woven fabrics to which the means for changing the orientation of yarns or like filamentary material are given after the formation of yarns or like filamentary material, and which are also included in the scope of the upper group, namely, formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length. Where the method forms webs or layers of webs and lays the continuous filaments at random and reorientation takes place immediately after yarn or filament formation.
This place covers:
Where the method forms webs or layers of webs by randomly laying continuous filaments and reorientation is achieved by liquid.
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Where the method forms forms webs or layers of webs of continuous filaments laid in rectilinear paths, e.g. crossing at right angles.
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Where the method forms webs or layers of webs of continuous filaments laid in rectilinear paths, crossing at right angles for net manufacturing.
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Where the method forms webs or layers of webs of continuous filaments laid in another pattern, e.g. zigzag, sinusoidal, and wavy.
This place does not cover:
Characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers in rectilinear paths |
This place covers:
Where the method forms webs or layers of webs of continuous filaments laid in otherwise than in a plane, e.g. in a tubular way.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres, otherwise than in a plane |
This place covers:
Where the method forms webs or layers of webs of continuous filaments laid otherwise than in a plane so that they are hollow and cylindrically shaped.
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Where the method forms webs or layers of webs of continuous filaments laid otherwise than in a plane so that the web is formed as a stick, rod or a solid cylinder.
This place covers:
Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length i.e. continuous filaments characterized by the method of strengthening or consolidating the web.
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Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of continuous filaments with bonds made mechanically.
This place covers:
Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of continuous filaments with bonds between yarns or filaments made mechanically (needling machines D04H 18/00; knitting D04B; sewing D05B).
This place does not cover:
Needling machines |
This place covers:
Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of continuous filaments with bonds between yarns or filaments made by fluid jet.
This place covers:
Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of continuous filaments with bonds between yarns or filaments made by applying or inserting filamentary binding elements i.e. by stitching.
This place covers:
Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of continuous filaments with bonds between yarns or filaments made by filaments or yarns secured together by chemical or thermo-activatable bonding agents, e.g. adhesives, applied or incorporated in liquid or solid form.
This place covers:
Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of continuous filaments with bonds between yarns or filaments made by filaments or yarns secured together by bonds between thermoplastic yarns or filaments produced by welding.
This place covers:
Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of continuous filaments with bonds between yarns or filaments made by filaments or yarns secured together by bonds between thermoplastic yarns or filaments produced by welding using composite yarns or filaments i.e. bicomponent, multicomponent filaments.
This place covers:
Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of continuous filaments with bonds between yarns or filaments made by filaments or yarns secured together by bonds between thermoplastic yarns or filaments produced by welding using mixed yarns or filaments i.e. where some of the filaments are thermoplast and some are not.
This place covers:
Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of continuous filaments with bonds between yarns or filaments made by filaments or yarns secured together by bonds between thermoplastic yarns or filaments produced in association with filament formation, e.g. immediately following extrusion i.e. melt spinning.
This place covers:
Non-woven fabrics formed of mixtures of relatively-short fibers and yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
This place does not cover:
Needling machines |
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Non-woven fabrics formed of mixtures of relatively-short fibers and yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length and strengthened or consolidated by applying or incorporating chemical or thermo-activatable bonding agents in solid or liquid form.
This place covers:
Non-woven fabrics formed of mixtures of relatively-short fibers and yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length and strengthened or consolidated by welding-together thermoplastic fibers, filaments, or yarns.
This place covers:
Non-woven fabrics formed of mixtures of relatively-short fibers and yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterized by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibers or yarns (lap-forming devices D01G 25/00; paper web-making by wet methods D21F, D21H).
This place covers:
Non-woven fabrics formed of mixtures of relatively-short fibers and yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterized by the method of forming fleeces or layers otherwise than in a plane, e.g. in a tubular way.
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Non-woven fabrics formed of mixtures of relatively-short fibers and yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length using glass fibers.
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Non-woven pile fabrics - the pile is formed from upstanding fibers. (Layered products forming non-woven pile fabrics are classified in B32B; woven pile fabrics D03D; tufting D05C, e.g.D05C 15/04; made by knotting D04G 3/00; by knitting D04B 1/00, D04B 21/00)
This place covers:
Non-woven pile fabrics formed by zigzag folding of a fleece or layer of staple fibers, filaments, or yarns, strengthened or consolidated at the folds.
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Non-woven pile fabrics formed by the creation of a pile on at least one surface of a non-woven fabric without the addition of pile-forming material, e.g. by needling, by differential shrinking (needling machines D04H 18/00)
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Other non-woven fabrics not accounted for in the previous groups.
This place covers:
Other non-woven fabrics produced by partial defibrillation of oriented thermoplastics films.
This place covers:
Needling machines e.g. needle punching machines.
This place covers:
Needling machines using water jets e.g. spunlace machines.